過ぎます（すぎます、sugimaす）
- to pass through

The Japanese verb 過ぎます (すぎます) primarily means "to pass," "to exceed," "to go beyond," or "to be too much/excessive." The meaning depends heavily on the context in which it is used. It can refer to the passage of time, exceeding a certain limit, or the state of something being excessive. Its versatility makes it a frequently used verb in everyday Japanese.

⚫︎時間が過ぎました。 Translation: Time has passed. ⚫︎予算を過ぎてしまいました。 Translation: I went over the budget. / I exceeded the budget. ⚫︎辛過ぎます！ Translation: It's too spicy!

⚫︎When discussing the passage of time: Use 過ぎます to indicate that time has passed. ⚫︎When exceeding limits: Use 過ぎます to express going over a set amount, limit, or expectation. ⚫︎When expressing excessiveness: Use 過ぎます to describe something that is too much, too many, or excessive. In this case, it often combines with adjectives. ⚫︎It's important to pay attention to the context to understand the exact nuance. The polite form of 過ぎます is 過ぎます or 過ぎます。

⚫︎This word is typically written in hiragana as すぎます. ⚫︎The kanji form is 過ぎます. ⚫︎The okurigana (hiragana attached to the kanji) is "ぎます" when using the kanji.

⚫︎超える (こえる) - to exceed, to surpass ⚫︎上回る (うわまわる) - to exceed, to surpass ⚫︎越す (こす) - to cross over, to go beyond ⚫︎過ぎる can be a broad term, so the best synonym depends on the context.

⚫︎足りる (たりる) - to be enough, to suffice (opposite of too much) ⚫︎未満 (みまん) - less than (opposite of exceeding a limit)

もう12時を過ぎましたね。 ・Translation: It's past 12 o'clock already, isn't it? ・Explanation: This sentence uses 過ぎます to indicate that the time has passed 12 o'clock.

食べ過ぎると体に悪いですよ。 ・Translation: Eating too much is bad for your health. ・Explanation: In this case, 過ぎます (conjugated to 過ぎると) is combined with the verb "to eat" and expresses that eating in excess is unhealthy.

The verb 過ぎる is derived from the verb stem 過ぎ (sugi) which means "to pass" and the auxiliary verb る (ru) which indicates a verb. It fundamentally comes from the meaning of passing or exceeding.