過剰な（かじょうな、kajouna）
- excessive

The Japanese word 過剰な, read as かじょうな, means "excessive," "over," "extreme," or "unnecessary." It describes something that goes beyond what is needed, appropriate, or reasonable. It implies a surplus or an exceeding of a limit. It is a な-adjective (a type of adjective in Japanese). The core meaning revolves around the idea of “more than required” or “too much.” 過剰な indicates something being in excess or going beyond the necessary level.

⚫︎ 過剰な期待は失望を生む。 Translation: Excessive expectations lead to disappointment. ⚫︎ 過剰な表現は不自然に聞こえる。 Translation: Excessive expressions sound unnatural. ⚫︎ この薬は過剰な摂取は危険です。 Translation: Excessive intake of this medicine is dangerous.

You use 過剰な when describing something that is too much or beyond the appropriate level. This word is appropriate in both formal and informal situations, though it is usually a bit more common in formal contexts. You can use it to describe quantities, actions, feelings, or any characteristic that exceeds a normal or acceptable range.

⚫︎ The word is typically written with the kanji 過 (か) meaning "excess," 剰 (じょう) meaning "surplus," and the hiragana な which marks it as a な-adjective. ⚫︎ It is written as 過剰な in standard usage. ⚫︎ There are no variations in the okurigana. The hiragana な at the end is essential to function as a な-adjective.

⚫︎ やりすぎの (yarisugi no) - Overdoing it; excessive. ⚫︎ 極端な (kyokutan na) - Extreme. ⚫︎ 度を越した (do o koshita) - Going too far; excessive. ⚫︎ 余分な (yobun na) - Extra; surplus. ⚫︎ 過剰な行為 (kajou na koui): Excessive behavior. ⚫︎ Excessive - English word

⚫︎ 不足な (fusoku na) - Insufficient; lacking. ⚫︎ 必要な (hitsuyou na) - Necessary; required. ⚫︎ 適度な (tekido na) - Moderate; appropriate. ⚫︎ 控えめな (hikaeme na) - Moderate; reserved.

過剰なダイエットは健康に悪い。 ・Translation: Excessive dieting is bad for your health. ・Explanation: The sentence highlights how too much dieting can negatively affect one's health, using 過剰な to emphasize the extent of the action.

彼は過剰な自信を持っている。 ・Translation: He has excessive self-confidence. ・Explanation: This sentence illustrates how 過剰な can describe a personality trait or feeling that is beyond what's considered normal or healthy. In this case, the level of confidence is too much.

⚫︎ 過 (か) comes from the verb 過 (す)ぎる (sugiru), meaning "to pass, exceed, or go beyond." ⚫︎ 剰 (じょう) refers to a surplus or remainder. ⚫︎ Therefore, the combined meaning represents "going beyond what is required" or "an excess." ⚫︎ The word reflects the core meaning of exceeding a limit or being more than necessary.