各国（かっこく、kaっkoku）
- each country

The Japanese word 各国 (かっこく, kakkoku) means "various countries," "each country," or "all countries." It is a plural noun referring to multiple nations or states. It emphasizes the collective or comparative aspect of different countries. It implies a sense of multiple entities being considered together.

⚫︎各国の文化を学びたいです。 Translation: I want to learn about the cultures of various countries. ⚫︎ 各国の代表が集まりました。 Translation: Representatives from each country gathered. ⚫︎ 各国の経済状況を比較しました。 Translation: We compared the economic situations of all countries.

You use 各国 when you're talking about multiple countries or nations. ⚫︎It's common in discussions about international relations, economics, culture, or any topic involving different countries. ⚫︎ It can be used in both formal and informal contexts. ⚫︎ When discussing a specific country, you would use that country's name, not 各国.

⚫︎The word is typically written with the kanji 各国. ⚫︎The reading is かっこく in hiragana. ⚫︎ There are no other common ways to write this word, nor are there variations in the okurigana. ⚫︎The individual kanji are 各 (kaku, meaning "each," "every") and 国 (kuni/koku, meaning "country," "nation"). ⚫︎各国 itself does not conjugate, it is a noun.

⚫︎諸国 (しょこく, shokoku): "various countries," "several countries" ⚫︎世界各国 (せかいかっこく, sekai kakkoku): "various countries of the world" or "countries around the world". This is a more specific phrase than just 各国. ⚫︎全世界 (ぜんせかい, zensekai): "the whole world" (broader, encompassing the entire globe, not just countries). ⚫︎諸外国 (しょがいこく, shogaikoku): "various foreign countries."

There aren't really direct antonyms for 各国, as it is a plural term. However, terms that imply a single entity would be the opposite in concept. ⚫︎自国 (じこく, jikoku): "one's own country." ⚫︎単一の国 (たんいつのくに, tan'itsu no kuni): "a single country."

各国の政府は気候変動問題に取り組んでいます。 ・Translation: The governments of various countries are working on the problem of climate change. ・Explanation: This sentence uses 各国 to indicate that multiple governments are involved in addressing climate change.

各国の文化交流イベントに参加したいです。 ・Translation: I want to participate in a cultural exchange event for various countries. ・Explanation: This sentence uses 各国 to show that the event involves the cultures of several different nations.

The word 各国 is formed by combining the kanji 各 (kaku) meaning "each" or "every" and 国 (koku/kuni) meaning "country" or "nation". The combination essentially means "each country" or "every country", which leads to the meaning "various countries" or "all countries".