以下（いか、ika）
- less than/below

The Japanese word 以下 以下 primarily translates to "and below," "or less," "under," "the following," or "hereinafter" in English. It indicates a lower limit or a range including a specified value. It can refer to numbers, time, quantities, or even textual content. It essentially signifies that something is within a certain limit or is included in a specific category.

⚫︎10歳以下 Translation: 10 years old or younger ⚫︎200ページ以下の小説 Translation: A novel of 200 pages or less ⚫︎下記以下の条件 Translation: The following conditions

⚫︎以下 以下 is used to specify a lower limit or a range. ⚫︎It's common to use it with numbers, dates, times, and in formal contexts. ⚫︎It often follows the number, time, or item it refers to. ⚫︎In business and formal writing, it’s used to refer to details provided below.

⚫︎The standard writing is 以下. ⚫︎It's written in kanji, with the reading いか in hiragana. ⚫︎There is no variation in the okurigana.

⚫︎未満 (みまん) - "less than," "under" (used only for numbers) ⚫︎以内 (いない) - "within," "inside of" (usually used for time or measurement) ⚫︎下記 (かき) - "the following" (used in formal writing, referring to what comes after)

⚫︎以上 (いじょう) - "and above," "or more," "over"

18歳以下の方は、この映画を観ることができません。 ・Translation: Those 18 years old or younger are not allowed to watch this movie. ・Explanation: This sentence uses 以下 以下 to set an age limit.

この書類は5ページ以下でまとめてください。 ・Translation: Please summarize this document in 5 pages or less. ・Explanation: This sentence uses 以下 以下 to indicate the maximum number of pages.

The kanji 以 means "by means of," "because of," or "from." The kanji 下 means "below," "under," or "down." Combined, they create the meaning of "from below" or "and below".